1. Do the researchers clearly specify the main research question or problem? What is the "why" question?

1. 研究者是否明確地說明了主要的研究問題或議題？所謂的「為什麼」問題是什麼？


2. Have the researchers demonstrated the value and significance of their re­ search question and indicated how their research findings will contribute to scientific knowledge about their topic?

2. 研究者是否展示了他們研究問題的價值和意義，並指出他們的研究結果將如何對該議題的科學知識作出貢獻？


3. Have the researchers proposed clear explanations for the political phenom­ ena that interest them? What types of relationships are hypothesized? Do they discuss any alternative explanations?

3. 研究者是否提出了清晰的解釋來說明他們所關注的政治現象？他們假設了哪些類型的關係？他們是否討論了任何替代解釋？


4. Are the independent and dependent variables identified? If so, what are they? Have the authors considered any alternative or control variables? If so, identify them. Can you think of any that the researchers did not mention?

4. 是否已經確定了自變數和依變數？如果有，它們是什麼？作者是否考慮了任何替代變數或控制變數？如果有，請指出。你能想到研究者沒有提及的變數嗎？


5. Are the hypotheses empirical, general, and plausible?

5. 假設是否是實證的、一般性的且合理的？


6. Are the concepts in the hypotheses clearly defined? Are the operational definitions given the variables valid and reasonable? What is the level of measurement for each of the variables?

6. 假設中的概念是否有明確定義？變數的操作性定義是否有效且合理？每個變數的測量層級是什麼？


7. What method of data collection is used to make the necessary observa­ tions? Are the observations valid and reliable measurements?

7. 使用了哪種資料收集方法來進行必要的觀察？這些觀察是否是有效且可靠的測量？


Have the researchers made empirical observations about the units of analy­ sis specified in the hypotheses?

8. 研究者是否對假設中指定的分析單位進行了實證觀察？


9. If a sample is used, what type of sample is it? Does the type of sample seri­ ously affect the conclusions that can be drawn from the research? Do the researchers discuss this?

9. 如果使用了樣本，這是什麼類型的樣本？樣本的類型是否會嚴重影響從研究中得出的結論？研究者是否有討論這點？


10. What type of research design is used? Does the research design ade­ quately test the hypothesized relationships?

10. 使用了什麼樣的研究設計？這種研究設計是否能充分測試假設的關係？


11. Are the statistics that are used appropriate for the level of measurement of the variables?

11. 所使用的統計方法是否適合變數的測量層級？


12. Are the research findings presented and discussed clearly? Is the basis for deciding whether a hypothesis is supported or refuted clearly specified?

12. 研究結果是否清楚地呈現並討論？決定假設是否被支持或駁斥的依據是否明確規定？